What Is an Educated Filipino free essay sample

â€Å"Education isn’t the amount you have focused on memory, or even the amount you know. It’s having the option to separate between what you know and what you don’t†. â€Anatole France-Life itself offered a training as you probably are aware it, without the correct needs, bow would you be able to call it life when you abhor it? This is one as I would like to think I imagine that is a higher priority than casual instruction. Ordinarily I’ve heard â€Å"it isn't what you know, however who you know†. We Filipinos are given the option to be instructed, yet what are the perspectives that we should have to be called an informed Filipino? I think this is the ideal opportunity for us to have the elements of instruction. We should have the capacity, the information and the mentality that will assist us with sustaining ourselves as well as other people. Training makes a man what his identity is and what he does. We will compose a custom article test on What Is an Educated Filipino or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It picks his confidence and when he is on the correct way, he leaves him in his own, settle on his own choices with his new existence with training. It shows the encompassing individuals what your identity is, the thing that you like and what you don’t. Training must be utilized the correct method to be drive out the greater part of life. No one but training can help you later on, so why misuse it, and take it on the off chance that you can! As I read the article of Francisco Benitez entitled â€Å"what is an informed Filipino†, I wind up understanding that it’s not just the information being instructed in school can let others to consider us an informed one yet it is additionally on how we arrangement to our fellowmen, to our nation, and obviously to our selves. Through hardships throughout everyday life and we figure out how to be an all the more getting individual. Instruction and life are a long way from being done, however that life and training is an excursion. We can't experience life and master nothing for to try and make it that we know nothing, we have additionally understood that there is such a great amount of else throughout everyday life and that could be instruction.

The school of Athens

School of Athens is a bit of fresco done by Raphael inside the time of 1509 and 1511 at the Apostolic Palace in Vatican City (Munn 67). This is one of the most philosophical frescoes done during this period. Raphael was known as a scholar. During his period, the general public was vigorously impacted by crafted by such scholars as Plato and Aristotle. He was known to be a supporter of the rules that were delivered by these incredible philosophers.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The school of Athens explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More He was known to be perhaps the best painter in Italy, and the vast majority of his compositions would mirror a given message. Being a craftsman, he utilized his specialty to pass messages that he considered the general public should know at whatever point he set out on his work. The School of Athens, also called Scuola di Atene was finished with a ton of precision and a purposeful exertion was put to guarantee that t he pictures were as clear as they might be. The foundation of this fresco plainly exhibits the Renaissance time frame in Italy. Raphael was pondering a period that described development of innovation in Italy. The foundation of this image portrays the social change that was coming to fruition quickly in Italy during the period somewhere in the range of fourteenth and sixteenth hundreds of years. That was a transitional period among Medieval and the Modern Europe. Italy, and Europe everywhere, was encountering a resurrection, and new frameworks were being set up to which mirrored this progress (Raffaele 98). The general public was first learning towards the renaissance that was impelled by the Greek’s scholars. This is unmistakably exhibited in this fresco done by this specific craftsman. The setting of the School of Athens may bring a ton of discussion given the shape that Raphael has given it. One may contend that the setting of this fresco has a setting of a congregation. T his was as an average state of a congregation. Nonetheless, there are various variables that precludes the chance of this being a congregation (Hall 78). This along these lines, leaves the chance of this being a royal residence. The trimmings on the floor, the embellishments of the dividers and the general climate of the spot leave no uncertainty of this setting being in a royal residence. The sovereignty of this spot and the individuals in this spot is persuading this is a royal residence. The setting of this spot can likewise be considered with regards to the time in which this artistic creation could have been made. This work of art gives the setting of the hour of renaissance when a few rationalists and researchers would meet up in imperial royal residence or meetings to talk about issues that concerned nature and the general public by and large. The work of art gives the feeling this is where the ruler would meet with his top counselors and different educated people attempting to characterize the fate of the kingdom.Advertising Looking for exposition on craftsmanship and structure? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The characters utilized in this fresco are emblematic of how most realms were run. Most realms during this time vigorously relied upon consultants who could assist them with characterizing the initiative of their countries. This is on the grounds that the greater part of the characters are a portion of the eminent thinkers, for example, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. In the artwork are additionally the absolute best patches of a lifetime like Alexander the Great. Researchers like Pythagoras and Archimedes can likewise be seen. References Hall, Marcia. Raphael’s â€Å"school of Athens†. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Print. Munn, Mark. The School of History: Athens in the Age of Socrates. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. Print. Raffaele, Top of FormF lorio. The School of Athens: How the Humanities Can Help Revive the Great Conversation. New York: Cengage, 2006. Print. This paper on The school of Athens was composed and put together by client Puck to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

What has carcinogenic chemicals, alum bloggers, and ~art~

What has carcinogenic chemicals, alum bloggers, and ~art~ Some people can draw. My friend Alison, for example, drew this fabulous artistic representation (read: picture) of our Google+ hangout. Yes, that is my Chrome beanie. I, alas, cannot draw.  Despite living in a very mural-happy dorm, I cant paint to save my life. But I do like to photograph a lot, and in fact Ive done quite a lot of it in the past few years. Some people are obsessed with their cars; I have my D60. While Ive done a ton of digital photography, though, Ive (literally) never touched film before. And thats where this post comes in. You see, if you ever take the elevator in the Student Center up to the fourth floor and wander around until you find a door with a multicolored Technique sign over it, youll have found MITs photography club. And its pretty awesome. Theyve got tons of very high-tech equipment, with more Mac Pros and giant monitors and multi-thousand-dollar lenses than you can shake several sticks at. And my favorite software in the world, Lightroom. But this post is about a darkroom. Lets be clear: I am a digital photographer, through and through. This is what I do after a day of shooting: But of course, being a hipster in denial, if theres two ways to do something, Ill try out the more cumbersome and retro way. And sticking my SD card into my laptop is way too simple. This is why I found myself today heading into the darkroom with Techniques friendly film aficionado, Walter, to develop my first roll of film ever. (amusingly, I used to make fun of all my friends in high school who shot film (see: the aforementioned Alison), and here I am) The first step involved taking scissors, cutting off the end of a roll of film, fastening that film to a developing reel via two teeny prongs, winding it up, and sealing it in a stainless steel container. In complete darkness. Walter watched, amused (at least I assumed he watched…it was, as I said, pitch black) at my noobish attempts. A few minutes later, ten fingers intact, it was time for the darkroom (which, incidentally, was not all that dark). In here, we basically poured chemicals into our containers, and vigorously shook/banged them on the table.  For ten minutes, in ten second intervals.  It was actually quite fun, although by the end of it my arms were thankful for the digital photography revolution. By the way, did I mention who else was in the darkroom? A blogger alum! Here is the (in?)famous rfong, looking very nonplussed by these fangirling frosh: (the conversation went roughly like this:  Hi, Im Mich-whoa youre rfong.  You dont look like your avatar.  Yeah, neither do yOH CRAP WE HAVE TO SHAKE OUR FILM) Anyways, after being mishandled in a dark room, sealed in a container, thrown in a bath of chemicals, and being vigorously shaken about, my film did emerge at the end, developed. (Im sure theres a metaphor in there somewhere about being an MIT student, but I have to study for my 7.012 midterm right now) So until next time adieu! (adieu is the hipster way of saying goodbye)

Criminal Justice Associate Degree Jobs 7 Exciting Career Opportunities from Court Services to Detective Jobs 2019

While work experience is invaluable, an associate degree can open doors to more challenging, higher paying jobs in criminal justice. Associate degree jobs are plentiful for University of Phoenix graduates. Exciting criminal justice positions now include: 1. Police Officer Criminal Justice Associate Degree Jobs Police officers are employed by the county, state, and federal government. Although some positions require only a high school education, most urban areas are now demanding at least some college education. After a professional has earned a criminal justice associate degree, jobs are more likely to see the applicant as being committed to the field of criminal justice. 2. Court Services Officer Criminal Justice Associate Degree Jobs Also referred to as bailiffs, court services officers provide police services to the courts. They handle security issues and physical disturbances that take place within the courts. 3. Parole Officer Criminal Justice Associate Degree Jobs Parole officers usually supervise offenders who have been released from jail or prison. They may oversee community service or work responsibilities. Parole officers are in charge of seeing that recently-freed inmates adjust appropriately in society. .u63d810a176dac4d6e70036780e50a8e9 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u63d810a176dac4d6e70036780e50a8e9:active, .u63d810a176dac4d6e70036780e50a8e9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u63d810a176dac4d6e70036780e50a8e9 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u63d810a176dac4d6e70036780e50a8e9 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u63d810a176dac4d6e70036780e50a8e9 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u63d810a176dac4d6e70036780e50a8e9:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Your Financial Future with a Finance degree4. Probation Officer Criminal Justice Associate Degree Jobs Alternatively, probation officers supervise offenders who are awaiting trial, or serving a sentence in the community, rather than in jail or prison. They may arrange for an offender to attend counseling or rehabilitation therapy. Sometimes probation officers investigate the personal history of an offender before he or she stands trial. 5. Corrections Treatment Specialist Criminal Justice Associate Degree Jobs Corrections treatment specialists, or case managers, work with inmates and probation officers. Their main goal is to rehabilitate criminals and help them to create a healthy, functional life. They may also testify in court and make sentencing and release recommendations. 6. Corrections Officer Criminal Justice Associate Degree Jobs Corrections officers work directly with inmates. The chief duty of corrections officers is to maintain order in jails and prisons. Rather than using weapons, they typically rely on communication techniques to diffuse disturbances. .ua99467bb9f931239a9afff7e9d93eb50 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ua99467bb9f931239a9afff7e9d93eb50:active, .ua99467bb9f931239a9afff7e9d93eb50:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ua99467bb9f931239a9afff7e9d93eb50 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ua99467bb9f931239a9afff7e9d93eb50 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ua99467bb9f931239a9afff7e9d93eb50 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ua99467bb9f931239a9afff7e9d93eb50:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ A Day in the Life of an Online Masters Degree Student7. Detective Criminal Justice Associate Degree Jobs Detectives either work in police departments or as private investigators. Much of their time is spent researching at a desk as opposed to the patrolling duties of police officers. Years of experience are usually necessary before competing for a detective position. Criminal justice associate degree jobs can be obtained in as little as 12 months through the University of Phoenix. For more details about the Associate of Arts in Criminal Justice at the University of Phoenix, prospective students are encouraged to fill out the information request form at College-Pages.com. Related ArticlesWhat an Associates Degree in Criminal Justice Can Do For YouCareer in Criminal Justice with an Associate Degree 5 Little Known Facts about Life as Police OfficerDegree in Criminal Justice Use a Criminal Justice Background to go to Law SchoolDegree in Criminal Justice Discover a Career as a Police OfficerEmployment Opportunities in Criminal JusticeAfter Graduation From a Criminal Justice Degree Program .uc5c213f71d73fdc091446652aff5dc43 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .uc5c213f71d73fdc091446652aff5dc43:active, .uc5c213f71d73fdc091446652aff5dc43:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opac ity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .uc5c213f71d73fdc091446652aff5dc43 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .uc5c213f71d73fdc091446652aff5dc43 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .uc5c213f71d73fdc091446652aff5dc43 .postTitle { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .uc5c213f71d73fdc091446652aff5dc43:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Business IT Courses and Accompanied Expectations

Attempted Suicide - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 843 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Suicide Essay Did you like this example? Suicide is responsible for numerous deaths all over the world sparking arguments in weather action should be taken against people attempting to commit suicide. While sometimes he reasons for attempting suicide can be understood, there is not enough justification for the actions. Sucide attempts should be illegal, and people who survive such incidences should have actions taken against them l. The continued failure to develop a policy against such cases leads to the influx of such cases. In the event suicide is deemed illegal, many people may be discouraged from taking actions towards that direction. First, human life has to be protected at all cost. Even though people are trying to take their own lives, it does not mean that they should have the liberty to commit suicide. This menance should further be categorized under the procession of murder and should be treated as such in the prosecution of the cultprit. While it is not possible to charge people under the law for commuting suicide, it is possible to hold those that survive such attempts. Prosecuting people who attempt suicide would be considerable step towards discouraging further efforts in the future. Additionally, people have varied reasons for trying to take their lives (Cluveretal.53). In his regard, it is possible to discourage people from the vice and encourage them to find different solutions to their problems rather than causing themselves harm. The causation of such intentional damage to an individual is wrong in many cultures around the world as well as religious beliefs. The support against such practices by alm ost all religious and cultural groups in the world warrants the determination of its originality hence supporting the prosecution of survivors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Attempted Suicide" essay for you Create order Secondly, attempting suicide has grave implications not only to the person but also to the people around them. The injuries caused by various kinds of attempts impact the lives of the person through physical, mental and emotional damage that may be difficult to heal. Thus, the individual had diminished the capacity to be a productive member of the community. Their quality of life from then on is reduced substantially. In addition, the damage caused could lead to further negative implications on the friends and families (Mars et al.5). The repercussions could range from emotional harm, increased anxiety, and additional financial constraints that may arise in the form of hospital bills for the individual success, the people close to them are significantly impacted by the loss of the loved one and even cause trauma l. Attempts of suicide should there for be discouraged through all possible means. Thirdly, people often attempt to kill theme selves for reasons that may be personal and can find alternative solutions. Usually, mental health issues that the person are not able to address or diagnosed propel the attempts. Such matters may include clinical depression (Auetal.581). People get depressed for various reasons such as loss of a loved one, financial problems, emotional issues and trauma. Most of these are mental health issues that can be addressed, and viable solutions can be developed. With proper help, the individual may find a solution to their temporary problem. In this regard, the suicide attempts may be pronounced as illegal as a measure of encouraging mental health treatments. Mental health problems may be mitigated, reduced, managed and sometimes wholly cured. The most significant issue in this regard is the preference for permanent solutions to temporary problems. However, there are issues regarding the determination of the attempts as illegal. For a reason someth ing should be discouraged it does not translate that it should be deemed illegal. However, it could be argued that people do not know what happens after death; therefore prohibiting suicide it would be limiting the theological beliefs of some people. Many religious have varied beliefs on the successions or migration into another world. The individual willing to undertake such an action with the aim of reaching the next phase of their beloved perception of death would inhibit their right to religion which is universal (Douglas l, 30). In this respect, it is not morally right to rob the individual of their right to hold on to such a theological belief also l, others could add to the claim the forcing people to wait until that had a natural death to gain the next level of life according to their belief is dehumanizing to a certain degree. This claims however rational is not feasible while people should not be robbed and confined within specific para meters of law infringing in their religious beliefs People should be discourage from those kinds of beliefs that they proclaim to have. I believe that causes one to Harm themselves is not a reasonable belief. Such actions should be strongly advise against the individuals should not be forced rather strongly recommended and guided towards a better life in addition discouraging such beliefs ensures that future generations do not inherit such ideas that are detrimental to them. the argument against attempted suicide are considerable with limited arguments that could convince of its appropriateness or the right to commit such an action.

Barry Bonds Free Essays

One of the baseball’s most troublesome issues has been the increasing use of performance enhancing drugs. Retired home slugger, Jose Canseco has claimed that 85 per cent of big leaguers use steroids and Xen Caminiti, who died in 2004 from drug overdose, stated in a highly publicised article in Sports Illustrated that the incidence of steroid use has mushroomed to 50 per cent of active players. Although other players have stated this figure to be exaggerated, the problem has become widespread within major league baseball. We will write a custom essay sample on Barry Bonds or any similar topic only for you Order Now A well known sports orthopaedist, Dr. John Andrews asserted that there has been a dramatic rise in muscle and tendon injuries among baseball players related to the increased use of supplements creatine, human growth hormone, and steroids (Teitelbaum, 2005, p. 107). The use of amphetamines in major league baseball gained substantial notoriety in 1970 when Jim Bouton, a pitcher for the New York Yankees during the 1960s and the author of highly controversial book Ball Four admitted using amphetamines and estimated that 40% of other players did as well. As with football, the size and strength of professional baseball players appear to have increased markedly during the last two decades. As a consequence, suspicions of anabolic steroid use have been dramatically soared during the last decade. In 1995, the general manager of the San Diego Padres admitted to the prevalence of steroid use in at least 10%-20% of the league players (Hinitz, Yesalis, Bahrke, 2002, p. 12-13). Jose Canseco, who was the first player to hit 40 homers and steal 40 bases in the same year, wrote in his book ‘Juiced’ that he used steroids to help him build the muscles he needed to succeed. He also claimed that (although without proof) many players in the game had done the same. This cast grave doubts on the home run records set by Mark McGwire, Sammy Sosa and Barry Bonds and others. In 2005, the congress held a special hearing to investigate the steroid problem in baseball. Commissioner Bud Selig while testifying admitted that the sport’s hands were tied because of a complicated agreement with the union that represented the players. Baseball was not allowed to test most players for steroids. Even for those who were exposed, punishment was light (Stewart, Kennedy, 2006, p. 61). Barry Bond, the legendary baseball player, shot to power and fame by winning three MVP awards in 1990s and he was recognised as the best all round player of the decade. He became the second 40-40 player in 1996, and narrowly missed the fit in 1997. In 1998, he became the first 400-400 player in history. 1 In 2000, the house belonged to Barry, who at the age of 35 was on the brink of a remarkable run of five career defining seasons. Up to that point, he had hit 445 home runs over 14 seasons of play. In 2000, he set a personal home run record with 49, and in 2001, he set a new all time record with an incredible 73 homers. The unprecedented late career explosion of 258 home runs in five years raised suspicions that Bonds had taken illegal performance drugs, such as steroids, which Bonds vehemently denied. In 2003, Bonds hits 45 home runs, which brought him within three of his coach May’s mark on the 1. URL: http://www. baseballlibrary. com/baseballlibrary/ballplayers/B/Bonds_Barry. stm, retrieved on 15th Dec, 06 lifetime list. In 2004, Bonds chased his 660th career home run to join Mays as third on the all time leaders list. But he just fell short of Mays record. He admitted struggling with the notion of surpassing his childhood idol. Bonds openly admired his idol and said, â€Å"I love him so much. It is hard subject to talk about† (Linge, p. 178). Finally, in the fifth innings of the Giants home opener, Bonds achieved the fit and coach May expressed immense happiness that third place on the lifetime homer list was staying within the Giants family (Linge, p. 178). Currently, Bond has 734 home runs, 22 from breaking Hank Aaron’s career record of 755. He could play only 14 games in 2005 following three operations in his right knee, he came back in full force in 2006 to bat 270 with 26 homers and 77 RBI in 130 games for the Giants in2006. Although he had arthroscopic surgery on his left elbow in October, he still has potential power. 2 Beginning in 1998 with injection in his buttocks of Winstrol, a powerful steroid, Barry Bonds took a wide array of performance enhancing drugs over at least five seasons in a massive doping regimen that grew more sophisticated with passing years. These facts were published in Game of Shadows, a book written by two San Francisco Chronicle reporters at the forefront of reporting BALCO steroid distribution scandal. The Book revealed day-to-day detail of how often and how deeply Bonds was engaged in the persistence doping. According to the book, Bonds used the drugs in virtually every conceivable form, by either injecting himself with a syringe or being injected by 2. Retrieved from the URL: http://sportsline. com/mlb/players/playerpage/7447 on 14th Dec, 06 his trainer, swallowing pills, placing drops of liquids under his tongue, and in case of BALCOs notorious testosterone based cream, and he applied it locally. The authors compiled the information over a two-year investigation that included, but was not limited to, court documents, affidavits filed by BALCO investigators, confidential memoranda of federal agents (including statements made to them by athletes and trainers), grand jury testimony, audiotapes and interviews with more than 200 sources. 3 Bond while denying the charge of steroid use was rather vague in his denial statements. In one of his statement Bond was quoted as saying, â€Å"Doctors ought to quit worrying about what ballplayers are taking. What players take doesn’t matter. It’s nobody else’s business. The doctors should spend their time looking for cures for cancer. It takes more than muscles to hit homers. If all those guys were using stuff, how come they’re not all hitting homers? â€Å"4 People from all walks of life, from baseball fan, players, and analyst reacted to Barry’s steroid controversy and the consequent BALCO trial. Baseball player Turk Wendell reacted in Denver Post, â€Å" If my personal trainer, me, Turk Wendell, got indicted for that, there’s no one in the world who wouldn’t think that I wasn’t taking steroids. What, because he is Barry Bonds, no one’s going to say that? I mean, obviously he did it. (His trainer) admitted to giving steroids to baseball player. He just 3. http://sportsillustrated. cnn. com/2006/baseball/mlb/03/06/news. excerpt/index. html retrieved on 15th Dec, 06. 4. http://sportsillustrated. cnn. com/2006/baseball/mlb/03/06/bonds. quotes/index. html, retrieved on 15th Dec, 06 doesn’t want to say his name. You don’t have to. It’s clear just seeing his body†. 5 Journalists were although divided in their opinion regarding the issue, majority were convinced that Bonds was guilty. Journalist George Will have expressed his view about Barry Bonds, his steroid use and its impact on the baseball statistics in the following lines. According to him, â€Å"â€Å"(Barry) Bonds’ records must remain part of baseball’s history. His hits happened. Erase them and there will be discrepancies in baseball’s bookkeeping about the records of the pitchers who gave them up. George Orwell said that in totalitarian societies, yesterday’s weather could be changed by decree. Baseball, indeed America, is not like that. Besides, the people who care about the record book — serious fans — will know how to read it. That may be Bonds’ biggest worry. †5 The group who sympathises with Barry Bonds feels that he is a victim of racial prejudice. They feel that even if it is true that Bonds takes steroids, the attention that he receives far outshines that of any other athlete under investigation in the same probe. What the allegations of steroid use imply is that Bonds had reached his achievements on the field unfairly, and given his reputation as an unlikable player, the sportswriters and fans intend to believe this allegation. Beyond his actual guilt or innocence in this steroid probe, the public’s interest in Bonds involvement with steroids goes beyond the fact that he is an accomplished baseball player (Bloom, 2004, p. 111). 5. http://thesteroidera. blogspot. com/2006/08/memorable-steroid-era-quotes-1995-2006. html retrieved on 15th Dec, 06 Considering the fact that Barry Bonds was a steroid user, which has been proven without doubt, he should not be allowed into the Hall of Fame. This is a case of cheating and deceiving the public who passionately follow the game. If he is inducted into the hall of fame, it will be tantamount to accepting his deceitful act, which will be detrimental to the future of baseball. Moreover, since Pete Rose was denied the hall of fame for his deceiving act, it will be justifiable if Bond is treated in the same manner. As his name is already tainted, it is unlikely that people will remember him, forty, fifty years from now. His unsporting conduct and violation of sports ethics will eventually obscure him from popular memory. Only those with excellent and untainted track record, moral integrity, and true sportsmanship deserve to be incorporated into the Hall of Fame. References Bloom, J (2004) Barry Bonds: A Biography, Greenwood Press, USA Hinitz, D. R. , Yesalis, C. E. , and Bahrke, M. S (2002) Performing enhancing substances in sport and exercise, Human Kinetics Publishing Linge, M. K (2005) William Mays: A Biography, Greenwood Press, USA Stewart, M, Kennedy, M (2006) Long Ball: The legend and lore of the home run, Milbrook Press, p. 64 Teitelbaum, S. H (2005) Sports Heroes, Fallen Idols, University of Nebraska Press. The Hastings Centre Report (1985) Blood, Sweat, and Drug: The high cost being number one, Vol. 15, No. 5. p. 2 How to cite Barry Bonds, Papers

Afffirmative action Essay Example For Students

Afffirmative action Essay Affirmative Action Thesis: Although many people believe that affirmative Action is a form of racism, it is actually used to help minorities find employment in an otherwise racist world. In the United States, equality is a recurring theme. It has flared into a fervent moral issue at crucial stages of American history: The revolutionary and Jacksonian Period, and the New Deal. In each era, the legitimacy of American society is challenged by some set of people unhappy with the degree of equality (Verba and Orren). Following the Civil War, Congress passed a number of laws designed to put former slaves on an equal level with white people. The Fourteenth Amendment made the freedmen citizen and prohibited states from enforcing any law which took away the privileges of any citizen, depriving men of life, liberty, or property without due process of the law, or denied men equal protection of the laws. In 1875, Republican majority in Congress, aware that reconstruction would soon end, passed a civil right act to secure by law semblance of equality for Black Americans (Urofsky 19). Many white Americans really did not like the idea of equality for the Black Freedmen. Gideon Welles, who had been prevailing sentiment when he wrote in 1871: Thank God slavery is abolished, but the Negro is not, and never can be the equal of the white man. He is of an inferior race and must always remain so(Urofsky 23). The Supreme Court agreed. In 1883 passed the Civil Rights act, which diluted much of the protection of the Fourteenth Amendment. Justice Joseph Bradely interpreted the enforcement provision of the amendment as strictly remedial; congress has the power to remedy a discriminatory state law, but could not take affirmative steps to protect blacks from other forms of prejudice (Urofsky 21). As a result of this decision, the federal government took no action to combat racism in the country until the Second World War (Urofsky 22). Because resentment continued to increase within the blac k communities and because of the threat of a march on Washington, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order on June 25, 1941. This order directed African Americans to be accepted into job-training programs in defense plants. The order also stated that employers holding defense contracts would not except discrimination. It also set up a fair employment practice commissions to investigate charges of racial discrimination. Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower continued to enforce fair employment legislation after Roosevelts policies because Congress was unwilling to do so. In 1954, the supreme court decision Brown v. Board of Education pressured both houses of Congress and the executive office to take some positive steps on behalf of civil rights. In January 1961, John F. Kennedy took office. Almost immediately Roy Wilkins of the NAACP called for action to promote employment opportunities for African Americans. John F. Kennedy responded with executive order 10925, which c reated a presidential commission on equal employment opportunity; it also mandated federal contractors to take Affirmative Action to ensure that there would be no discrimination by race, creed, color or nationality. This was not the first time that the government ordered it own contractors not only to avoid discrimination, but also to take positive steps to redress the effects of discrimination in society. In some cases contractors were asked to pay employees doing similar work, the same amount of pay. Without congressional action an executive order could only last so long and in 1963 Kennedy secured passage of the Equal Pay Act. The Equal Pay Act prohibited employers from paying women less than men for the same work pay. A short time later due to the assassination of Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson called for the passage of the Civil Rights Bill as a memorial to the late president Kennedy. Lyndon B. Johnson skillfully guided and expanded versions of Kennedys proposal through the house an d senate. The Civil Rights Act was signed into law July 2, 1964. Title VII of the act banned employment discrimination based on race, color, sex, and nationality; it also created a permanent equal employment opportunity commission to enforce its provisions. The act also for the first time included obligations not to discriminate to private employees, labor unions, and governmental agencies.(Urofsky 17). In executive order 11246, issued on September 24, 1965, Johnson requires that federal contractors take affirmative action to recruit, hire, and promote more minorities. Two years later in executive order 11375 Johnson added women to the group covered by previous anti- discrimination order (Urofsky17). Each new order was a modification of the previous one. Increasing minorities and womens chances to compete in the job market. When Richard Nixon took office in 1969, he asked Art Fletcher, the Assistant Secretary of Labor and a black man himself, to find a way to enforce the hiring prov isions of Title VII in a way that it would withstand court challenge. Fletcher did, and in 1971 Nixon unveiled the Philadelphia Plan. The Philadelphia Plan made federal contractors meet specific numerical goals in hiring minorities. Each contractor was to have nine percent of its work force made up of minorities and women. Even with all these Executive Orders, Civil Rights Act, and Amendments passed, only a small percent of minorities held position in the job force. In recent years, in order to combat job discrimination in the employment market, the federal government has issued a series of executive orders and has established government funded firms to secure equal opportunity in the work force. Affirmative action and other executive orders were created to insert qualified minorities in the job market, but in recent years it has been used to deter job discrimination from happening. Yet societys viewpoint on Affirmative Action has been a way for the federal government to favor one c lass of people over another. The fact is, that in order to use Affirmative Action to favor minorities and women against white males in the workplace, jobs must first be integrated with both minorities and whites. For no one can separate apples and oranges if there are no apples! In the case of Firefighters Local Union No. 1784 v. Stotts (1984). The Memphis fire department was found in violation of Title VII and was under court order to hire and promote more blacks to make amends for past discrimination. Later, anticipating a budget deficit, the city planned to lay off public employees with the least seniority, and that action would have mostly affected recently hired black firemen. Stotts, a black fireman challenging the proposed personnel actions, received a favorable decision from the federal court, which granted an injunction enjoining the Fire Department from strictly adhering to seniority in layoffs. As a result, the union appealed to protect its seniority plan and white union members. The Burger Court reversed the lower court by ruling that because no intentional discrimination had been proved, Title VII protects bona fid seniority systems, and it is inappropriate to deny an innocent employee the benefits of his seniority in order to pr! provide a remedy in a pattern of practiced discrimination suit such as this (Janosilk 1205). So from then on jhgjjthe court upheld that even if an individual shows that the discriminatory practice has an impact on him/her, the court noted, he/she is not automatically entitled to have a non minority employee laid off to make room for him (Janosilk 1205). One of the most historic Affirmative Action decisions in employment in the 1970s was United Steelworkers of America v. Weber. In this case tan on-the-job Affirmative action agreement was collectively bargained by the Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation and the United Steel workers of America at a plant in Gramercy, Louisiana. There were no skilled black craftsmen at the plant, and a voluntary Affirmative Action plan was developed to avoid the possibility of litigation by black employees into the company. Even though no past discrimination by the Kaiser Company had ever been proven. Under the agreement, half the slots for in-plant craft training programs were reserved for black employees until the proportion of Blacks in the local labor force. Weber, a white denied admission to the training program, claimed that because this rule it set up a specific quota, it constituted racial discrimination in violation of Title VII. Title VII states that an employer cannot be ! required to give preferencetial treatment to any racial group because of a racial imbalance in the workforce. This case shows that even it is impossible to discriminate against white males just because a company must meet a quota. History has shown that discrimination has and always will be a problem as long as society remains ignorant of its existence. Still many people believe that discrimination in the workplace is not as bad as the politicians and Service Commissions, such as Fair Employment Practice Community and Office of Federal Contract Compliance in the Department of Labor, make it out to be. In Stelle v. Louisville Nashville Railroad, a union and an employer had agreed on a contract under which Blacks opportunities for employment as firemen had been restricted. Griggs v. Duke Power Co. Black employees of the Duke Power Company of North Carolina stated that employees needed to meet certain requirements: Employees need to have a high school diploma or and an acceptable grade on an intelligence test for both new employees and job transfers (Janosik 1205). In many cases these tests were used to weed out any Black employment opportunity, for these tests were biased and not reasonably related to the abilities or skills necessary for successful performance on the job. In McDonnell Douglas Corp. V. Green, The McDonnell Douglas Corp. withheld a position from M r. Green while attempting to scout for someone with equal qualifications as Green (Janosik 1205). In Hazelwood School District v. United States, the court decided that discrimination may be based on statistical evidence demonstrating an obvious imbalance in the racial composition of the faculty of a school when compared to the racial make up of the general community population (Janosik 1204). Meaning that if the community in which the school lies in, is made up of a mixture of people with different ethnic backgrounds, that there should not only be white teachers teaching , but Black and Hispanic teachers teaching as well. There are to reasons for the ruling on Hazelwood School District v. United States. One is that to prevent students from learning certain skills only a teacher of a certain ethnic background can provide is discrimination too. Students should be able to experience different kinds of cultures and languages. The second reason is that in a community mostly are made up o f women and minorities, out of the many possible teachers in that community their ! should be at least a dozen teachers at a school in that district. That way the teacher understands the problems the students are facing in their communities. By having a teacher that come from the same communities as their students they will be aware of the problems facing their community and that of their students, that way they can better help theses kids, than someone that lives outside of the children The community and has no idea of the problems they are facing. In 1984 their were seventy-one women professors out of 1,112 (6.4 per cent). They were not however, evenly distributed across subjects and departments, but were concentrated in conventionally female areas. Three out of five professors of library science are women, and five out of seven professors or nursing. Women are also notable represented in education ( seven out of forty-nine professors) and social work (six out of twenty- one profe ssors). In contrast there is only one women professor out of thir! ty-eight in business administration and one out of 147 in engineering(Webb 538). An examination of numbers of posts lost or gained between 1980 and 1984 also reveals that areas where women are most concentrated have been cut back most significantly: numbers of post in nursing, for example, have declined across all grades while numbers of posts in engineering and business administration have stayed constant or increased. A case study demonstrated that equal opportunity is far from a matter of following a simple programme(Webb 545). Sonia Liff was quoted as say Women and minorities fail not because they are less Abel to carry out the tasks; they are excluded because of the way that they necessary qualification are defined. The competition is structured against women and minorities because the job is perceived as requiring skills, experience and working patterns far mor likely to be found amongst white men, or indeed se en as inherently male. What should be asked of employers is not that they accept less qualified, less able women or minorities in preference to white men but that they rethink what the job requires that do not rule out competent women or minarets. In Franks v. Bowman Transportation Co., Bowman Transportation Co. discriminated against black applicants for jobs as truck drivers within the company to more desirable position. The lower courts found in favor of the blacks in this predicament, ordering that they be given preference in the future job opening. The Burger court took the previous ruling against Bowman Transportation Co. One step further and ruled that retroactive seniority could be awarded to racial minorities who had been discriminated against in violation of Title VII (Janosik 1204). A major objective of Title VII, noted by the court majority, is to provide appropriate compensation for those injured because of discrimation in the workplace. Even though the court ruled that awarding a minority who has been discriminated against is acceptable, it might not be so in some cases, so compenstating minorities for past discriminatory action upon them by some other company would not apply, but if a company does discrimate against someone, the person that they discriminate against is applicable for compensation. After the mid-1970s an increasing number of Burger Courts cases involved the widely debated issue of Affirmative Action in employment (Janosik 1210). Society must realize that Affirmative Action plans is rather a safety net to prevent discriminatory acts against non whites males than just a method of employing minorities and women into the workforce there is substantial evidence of the countinuing veritical and horizontal occupational segregation between men, women and minorities( Webb 533). Yet many people against Affirmative Action see Affirmative Action plans and Executive orders as an advantage that is given to minorities and woment by the Federal G overnment and that is why they cannot see Affirmative Action plans and executive orders as safety nets for women and minorities. Those opposed to the idea of affirmative action feel that affirmative action is actually reversed discrimination at work; but a recent study by Alfred Blumorosen, a professor at Rutgers University law school, found that only a few dozen reported cases of reverse discrimination in federal courts over the past four years, most of which were rejected by the courts. (America Online 1). These same people also feel that Affirmative Action leads to lower standards of education needed to work, this is totally untrue. Affirmative action plans are not placing people in job that they are not qualified for. The people that are given job by Affirmative Action plans have graduated from four year universities or have the Assossiates degree. No one can stay employed in a job if they do not have skills to preform their task. To say Affirmative action acts on the basis of p rejudice is not true. Affirmative Action does not display bias or has irrational hatred of a particular group, race, or religion. Affirmative action plans is just a way of helping poeple to get jobs. Republican lawmakers and presidential hopefulls are vying with eac other to stake out the strongest position for curtailing or abolishing racial and gender preferences in federal programs (Gottlieb551). Robert Doles closest rival, senator Phil Gramm of Texas, pledged to wipe out minority preference in the ferderal government with a stroke of a pen if elected. This is a policy that needs to be overturned. Gramm said on CBS Face the Nation April 16. Yet none of these politican have a solution more effective of preventing discrimination in jobs and at the same time helps minorites find jobs. President Clinton, is facing a no-win situation betweeen traditional civil rights constitutenciesand the many angry white males in this country. These men wish to change federal affimative action polic ies but promise to continue efforts to eliminate discrimination. Yet no plan or proposal that Republican lawmakers, or angry white males have created has help decrease the number of discrimantory act by a company or has helped minorities find jobs than Affirmative Action plans existing today. These same Republican lawmakers are pushing ahead with efforts to unravel affirmative action, encouraged and empowered by a dramatic Supreme court ruling that cas doubt on federal programs seeking to advance women and minorities. The high court June 12 handed down a 5-4 opinion in a closely watched case, Adarand Construction v. Pena, that challenged a federal Affirmative Action Program. The majority opinion written by Justice Sandra Day OConnor, did not actually strike down any Affirmative Action programs, but it criticized the moral justification for Affirmative Aciton, saying that race conscious programs can amount to unconstitutional reverse discrimination and even harm those they seek to ad vance. Yet they had not proven any way in which Affirmative Action can harm those they seek to advance. Republican had been preparing a legislative assault on federal Affirmative Action, either by eliminating programs or with a sweeping measure to outlaw virtually all federal preferecnes on the basis of race or gender. Their targets include scores of congressional and executive branch initiatives that offer special consideration or set-aside for women, minorities and others in federal contracting and hiring. This proves that Republicans wish to eliminate Affirmative Action plan and replace it with nothing. With nothing to help women or minorities their is minimal chances of them competing in the job market. In defending the program, the Clinton administration stressed that white-owned companies can quaify for bonuses given by Affrimative Action Plans if they prove that they are Socially or enconomically disadvantaged. Some critics of Affirmative Action want to adopt social or econom ic hardship as a criterion for all Affirmative Action plans. Civi rights groups say they are not opposed to using socioeconomic disadvantages, but want to keep policies specifically aimed at women and minorities too(America Online 3). Speculation about the future of Affirmative Action must go beyond prognosis of the courts configuration and estimations of its respect for precedents said John Naibandian of University of Kansas (Public Administration Reveiw 43). He was also quoted as saying , Over an 18-year period, adminstrators hve become sensitized to court decisionexpressing the value of social equity. It is unreasonable to anticpate sudden administrative reversal of these impacts now regardlass of Court action (Public Administration Review 43). Some observers have suggested that the solution to racial inequality in the United States lies largely in a two-pronged attack on discrimination in educationm and employment. If such a solution is possible, certainly the Supreme Court will play a role. But, in a system of separation of powers, it is axiimatic that only so much can be accomplished by even the most activist Courts. That is why all human beings must strive to understand the total implication of what they do. They must help each other see that there is a problem in employing women and minorities. Sexual child abuse Essay Bibliography:

10 People Youll Find in High School

Whether youre currently in high school, or you graduated 5 years ago, I bet you can still remember the names of everyone on this list. Dont believe me? Run this list through with me.1. The Overachiever You know, that one kid. You’re sitting in the end-of-the-year honors assembly, trying not to fall asleep, and he/she gets called up for the attendance award. Then the scholastic award. Then the citizenship award, then the†¦ Well, you forgot the rest, but you’re pretty sure he/she won those, too. Wash, rinse and repeat for next year’s honors assembly. 2. The Real-Life Regina George Well, maybe that’s a bit of an exaggeration, but every high school has their mean girls. This one leads the pack, flipping her perfectly curled hair over her shoulder as she swings her brand-new Versace bag and dishes the latest gossip to her posse. And just like Regina, you’ll never see this girl without her hench(wo)men. 3. The Pleasantly Clueless JockHe’s cute, he’s athletic, he always has that slightly confused smile on his face†¦ Welcome to the world of Football/Baseball/Hockey/Basketball/Lacrosse Boy, where everything is a bit of a blur until the big game. There’s nothing harmful about this guy, except for maybe his GPA—but everybody loves him all the same. After all, when he scores the game-winning touchdown, who even remembers what he got on that one chemistry test? 4. THAT CoupleThat’s right, them. Right over there. If you’re in school while reading this, there’s at least one pair in your field of vision right now—oh, there they go. Not only do they spend every waking moment together, but they also seem to be adjoined by the hand—it’s so adorable, you could throw up. And if you catch them cuddling in the very public cafeteria one more time, you probably will. 5. The SleeperWe all know a high schooler’s sleep schedule isn’t always regular, and pairing that with a monotone teacher is a lethal combination. But this kid isn’t your average fall-asleep-once kind of guy—oh, no. He’s snoring by the time class is five minutes in, and the bell won’t even wake him at the end. You think you might’ve seen him in hallway yesterday carrying a Snuggie over his arm, but it could’ve been someone else†¦ On second thought, it was definitely him. 6. The Social Media QueenYou could swear this girl’s phone is merely an extension of her arm. She sits clacking away at the keyboard throughout English and Calculus, flippantly clicks through Snapchat Stories during Physics, and giggles at Tweets during History. If you ever need to know something about someone, you know who to come to—you don’t know how, and maybe you don’t want to know how, but this girl can write a dictionary on any person in the school just by stalking their Instagram. 7. The HipsterIf you admit you are one, you aren’t—this is the ever-confusing paradox of hipster-dom. They don’t seem to mind, though—the overwhelmingly large glasses and loud playing of obscure bands may have obscured some of their senses, buy they get along with most people just fine. 8. The Self-Proclaimed Nerd Thing that needs to be understood: Having glasses does not make you a nerd, increase your intelligence, or alter your personality in any way, shape or form. 9. The Actual NerdGirl, guy or other, nerds are the few and the proud. Being â€Å"nerdy† is just getting really excited about things most people don’t get excited about—sure, the Superbowl is on tonight, but didn’t you read about the newest discovery in the LHC? Nerdship, my friends, is a badge of honor; treat it like one!10. The Person Who Cannot Be Defined by a Simple Stereotype†¦aka, everyone. You might sort your Skittles into little piles of different colors because you know each one of the same hue will taste the same, but it’s wrong- if not dangerous- to attempt to do the same with humans. Although many people in your school probably do, speak and act in the ways of one of these nine caricatures, I can personally guarantee that they are so much more than that. And so are you.

Bsb Versus Sky Tv Essay Example

Bsb Versus Sky Tv Essay Example Bsb Versus Sky Tv Paper Bsb Versus Sky Tv Paper Executive Summary British television viewing levels had stagnated in the 1980s due to already high levels of television viewership (3. 5 hours per day) and the rapid penetration of the VCR. This caused broadcast companies like BBC and ITV to look for new ways to spurn growth. The British government tried to allocate three of the five high powered digital satellite broadcast (DBS) channels first to the BBC and then to a joint venture between BBC and ITV. Both attempts failed due to high startup costs in building and launching dedicated satellites. The bidding for these channels was then moved to the private sector in April 1986. Additionally, the use of the untried D-MAC transmission standard that was viewed as a move towards HDTV was made mandatory. British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB) was to be the first mover and quickly acquired a 15 year franchise for the DBS channels. BSB planned to start broadcasting by the fall of 1989, investing $500 million and projecting to break-even 4 years later. Sky Television a subsidiary of Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation unexpectedly announced its entry into the satellite broadcasting market. Murdoch known for his aggressiveness aimed to start broadcasting from Sky’ leased medium powered satellite by February 1989 becoming the real first mover in the market. This led to an intense battle between BSB and Sky as they fought to gain the upper hand. By October 1990, both BSB and Sky were making combined losses of $10 million per week. BSB’s inability to view the competitive landscape combined with Sky’s aggressive tactics to leverage first mover advantage lead to both companies losing focus on the underlying economics in the launch of what is regarded the second biggest business undertaking in Britain (second only to the Chunnel). BSB’s superior technology has the upper hand long term but, Sky’s overall superior economic model allows it to sustain losses for a longer period possibly outliving BSB’s investor’s faith in the DSB market in Britain. Industry Analysis The British broadcasting business was unable to grow due to a number of reasons, chief among them being the inability to move away from an obsolete revenue model that depended on license or advertising revenue. Pay television that utilized either cable or satellite media was expected to be the next vehicle for growth and with the restrictions imposed on access to cable (available only to remote areas), satellite television soon became the next practical choice. Economics of the DSB business Entering into the satellite broadcasting business was however an expensive proposition exacerbated by a long break-even period. Appendix A details BSB’s business plan assuming no competition (i. e. market share of 100%) in an attempt to determine the most aggressive break-even period. Building and deploying satellites combined with investing in the technology that would allow television sets decipher signals from satellites was estimated to be in the range of $300-$400 million. These numbers point to a ten year break-even given typical British consumer electronics adoption rates (initial BSB market penetration forecasts). An alternate approach at analyzing the economics of the satellite broadcasting business is to fix the break-even period to a reasonable number of years, say 4, (BSB’s initial business plan) and study the consequence on subscriber rates. Appendix B details this analysis in which we find that the typical consumer electronics adoption rate would have to be scaled up by a factor greater than 4. 75 to achieve this reasonable break-even target. BSB’s business plan prior to Sky’s market entry is compared against its’ revised business plan (incorporating effect of market share and increasing advertising and promoting budgets with a view to accelerate sales) in Appendix C and D. Only a well funded corporation that could sustain losses for a long period would be able to make it in this market. Entering the DSB Market In December 1986, BSB, a consortium of five financially sound companies, won a 15 year franchise to the DSB channels in Britain. They immediately set out to raise capital to fund the deployment of two satellites. With the enormous start-up costs and an economic model that expected a market entrant to stay the course of making losses for a minimum of 10 years it was easy to see why BSB refused to view Sky’s movement in the satellite broadcasting business as a serious threat. Sky Television was formed in June of 1988 out of Sky Channel by Rupert Murdoch, of News Corporation. Sky Channel had been using low powered satellite technology for broadcasting since 1983. Although a money loser, this project allowed Murdoch to see the potential for a wider acceptance of satellite technology for broadcasting in Europe. In 1986, News Corp under Murdoch launched Fox in the US and started using satellite technology. News Corp planned for a $150 million in start-up losses for Fox. This prior experience with Fox and Sky Channel definitely gave Sky the upper-hand in understanding the economic of satellite broadcasting and the business requirements. BSB should have expected to witness some activity from News Corp given Murdoch‘s recent success with Fox but when Sky Television was announced in 1988, BSB was actually taken off-guard. Alternative Scenarios for Market Entry BSB on announcing its entry into the DSB market, setout to obtain $222. 5 million in financing to fund the buying and launching of the satellites. It also started the recruiting process that took almost 6 months to find a Chairman and 10 months to find a CEO. The CEO who was lured away from a high profile advertising company was awarded a total compensation package close to $0. million without any link back to performance. A year and half later BSB had only grown to several dozen employees who occupied an office in the prestigious Kensington Park area. BSB did however, understand that making the chip technology work was crucial and obtained an exclusive contract with ITT. Assuming that BSB was aware of Sky’s intentions it should accelerated the ramp up of its operations. Recruiting should have started in full earnest and compensation packages should have been built based performance (e. . successful deployment of first satellite, etc. ) BSB should have contemplated hiring key personnel from News Corporation and other broadcasting companies in the US and Europe who had more direct experience with satellite broadcasting business so as to get a leg-up in the learning process. Given that it had a â€Å"money back† guarantee from Hughes who was delivering the satellites; it should have pursued similar contracts with ITT. Maintaining a low overhead expense would also allow it to stay in the fray longer. Relocating from the swanky Kensington Park area to a cheaper alternate would help in this regard. BSB, although well supported by its founding companies could have also looked at making its economic model more attractive by reducing future capital expenditures. Leasing the high powered satellites from Hughes would have allowed it reduce its cash outlay and stay more competitive with Sky. Lastly, BSB should have lobbied the British Government to block Sky’s anticipation market entry given the underlying economics of the DSB business. Customer Adoption Concerns The rate at which customers would sign up for satellite broadcasting service is based on the price of the dish, quality of programming, value of the investment (is the technology going to change soon? ) and other macroeconomic factors like interest rates etc. The faster customers adopt the satellite technology the shorter the timeframe wherein BSB /Sky would have to incur losses. Moreover, switching costs tend to be high (the cost of the dish) and interest rates in Britain were rising in the late 1980s. BSB’s plan to sell 12† dishes at $250 (which when adjusted to today’s US dollar equals 2,500USD), represents a significant investment from the customer on a technology that is new, un-tested and whose content is unknown. Further BSB’s advertising program that aimed to increase awareness on the technology advantages of D-MAC over PAL further confused customers and backfiring BSB. Most importantly however, was the fact the BSB was the second mover in the market giving Sky the first chance at seizing market share. Differentiation of satellite broadcasting through technology BSB and Sky although targeting the same market, approached the business very differently. On one hand BSB was forced to use the risky D-MAC standard for high powered satellite signals while Sky through its use of medium powered signals was able to stay with the tried and tested low technology PAL system. Given BSB’s use of the D-MAC protocol it had no alternative but, develop chip technology that could decode the satellite signals. This resulted in BSB inheriting additional risk due to the nature of the technology development that was necessary to support BSB’s launch plan. Sky’s use of PAL although not a technology issue from a transmission standpoint posed its own technical concern in that film studios were reluctant to sell film rights given that the PAL signals could not be easily scrambled. While Sky was able to work through the scrambling issue with PAL, BSB found that its project with ITT was behind schedule. This translated into the need for an additional round of financing and the loss of a key supporter, Virgin. Longer term (ten plus years), BSB’s technology advantage should sustain itself. But this is contingent upon them being able to ride out making loses for ten years at a minimum. Short term, Sky’s choice to use PAL makes better financial sense. It will be able to establish a market presence in Britain and experiment with programming and other content as it gears up for launching HDTV (the ultimate technology goal in broadcasting ten years ago)to the broader European market. Staying the course in the DSB market With the entry of Sky into the satellite broadcasting market, BSB was forced to pull ahead some of its marketing initiatives. This was an attempt to educate the consumer on BSB’s product offering and differentiate itself from Sky’s PAL standard. BSB also hoped that the additional marketing prior to the actual launch process would increase the number of future adopters of BSB and induce some Sky consumers to switch. BSB initiated second round financing to allow it to double its advertising and promotion programs as well. Sky experienced very low sales in the six months after launch. This was attributed to equipment unavailability, customer confusion and the acroeconomic climate that existed in Britain. Sky sensing that it had an opportunity to leverage its first mover advantage, setup Project X where dishes were sold through a door-to-door sales effort. They also reduced the price barrier that prevented most consumers from adopting the technology. By selling the dishes through a lease program they were able to win more subscribers (possibly at a loss) and protect market share. This strategy of aggressively seeking customers should pay off for Sky as it boosts programming content and quality. Subscription fees for both Sky and BSB are comparable. It is the initial cost of the dish that creates reluctance on the consumer to sign up. By taking away this issue, Sky will be able to grow market share until BSB mimics this strategy. Recommendations Given BSB’s technology advantage and well funded investors it is possible that BSB could sustain the upcoming losses for some time. However, with the cash flow calculations it is clear there will be mounting pressure to change their business model by reducing capital expenditures by leasing satellites instead of purchasing. BSB should also explore reducing the price of the dish unit or establishing contracts that entice consumers with free dishes but, penalize them for breaking the contract if they cancel or switch. On the other hand Sky with its first mover advantage should build on its market share by investing in programming and using its installed base to solicit additional advertising revenue. Sky should also be concerned about how long it can continue to make losses in its bid to outlast BSB. In an effort to change the game, Sky could use the power of its parent company

The Election Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Election - Essay Example According to The New York Times, for republicans, the surefire pickups are Montana and West Virginia, and to some extent Dakota too. Kentucky and Arkansas are also likely to be republican giving the republicans 47 sure seats. States like Iowa, Colorado and Iowa, seem to be leaning towards republicans giving them 50 sure seats. Therefore, my guess is that republicans will secure at least 50 senate seats. If my guess is to be based on the statistics going round on the internet, then it is clear that the GOP candidate Terri Lynn Land is going to loose. According to an article found on Detroit news, the National Republican Senatorial Committee is considering thinning its funding support for her campaign race, additionally, most polls conducted show that she is well behind her competitor Democratic Congressman Gary Peters. According to a poll conducted for The Detroit News and WDIV (Channel 4), Gary Peter leads Terry Lynn 44 percent to 35 percent (Livengood). A more recent poll shows that the gap has further widened with the democratic congressman building a commanding 15 percent point lead over republican Terri Lynn (Spangler). Based on this information I would guess that Terry Lynn Land will receive around 30 percent of the votes and average of the probable polls taking into consideration factors such as margins of error and voter’s tendency to side with the winning team James Robert Redford, because of his impressive resume that encompasses the time he served with The Navy Judge Advocate General Corps, as well as his current position as a Navy Reserve. He is also widely considered efficient in the courtroom and is admired widely for his integrity, collegiality and judicial temperament. He is also a strong advocate for fairness in the courtroom. David Viviano, this is for the reason that he has on numerous occasions proven to be a capable judge, and also insightful. He is also a strong

MBA Dissertation Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MBA Dissertation Proposal - Essay Example Research objectives describe what is aimed to be accomplished by the research. Principle objective of this research is to identify the effects of recession on the global automobile industry. The research will be conducted with the objective of finding out the significant changes that have taken place in the automobile industry due to global financial turmoil. Since the financial meltdown started from the mid of 2008, the research will be carried out to find out those changes that have taken place from the year 2008 till February, 2010. Changes can only be understood when previous statistics will be compared with the present statistics. As a result it is very important to find out the situation of the industry prior to the period when there was no recession and the situation that has emerged after the recession. Finding out these situations is a major objective of the research. Recession is one of the most talked about topics in the global economic scenario over the last two years. It has affected almost all the industries in all the countries starting from developed to developing. Automobile industry is one of those industries that are badly affected by the global financial turmoil. However before getting into further details regarding the effects of recession on the industry, it is crucial to have a clear idea regarding recession, its causes and effects. This research will include a well structured literature review where all the theoretical aspects of recession will be clearly explained. The literature review will also contain the theories that are related to marketing and strategic management. Moreover the literature review includes all the theories that are related to the research methodologies and that are relevant to this particular research. Research methodology is referred to the method in which the research would be conducted. It includes research

Influence of Magazines on Beauty | Cross-Cultural Analysis

Influence of Magazines on Beauty | Cross-Cultural Analysis INTRODUCTION Beauty is not concrete and may vary from culture to culture changing over time and shifting according to location. Beauty is an image which has been created by society to which woman and men have had to subject themselves to be real. The ideology of beauty or what is accepted as being the right appearance has been created by society and largely propagated by media. For United States of the 1950s Marilyn Monroe was the pinnacle of beauty which soon changed to Twiggy in the 1960s. While porcelain skin is valued in China, scarification of the skin and decorating it with tattoos is considered as a status symbol in Africa. Thus the physical attributes and ideas attached to beauty vary across cultures. Womens magazine industry is understood as a monolithic meaning producer, circulating magazines that contain messages and signs about the nature of femininity that serve to promote and legitimate dominant interests. (Anna Gough- Yates). A majority of feminist critics argue that media is responsible for establishing and promoting gender differences and inequalities in society. In respect media persons are considered responsible for reinforcing capitalism and patriarchy; manipulating society to attain increased circulation figures. Magazines are a great source, to study the society. Recording changes, from the purely fashion magazine couture age of 1920s, to lifestyle and home of the 1940s when domestic help was rare and woman to a personal interest in their homes. To New woman of the 1980s when woman began to work alongside men in almost every field to do it yourself of the 20th century with soaring costs and economic downturn. Magazines reflect revolutions in society and influenced the opinion of women across nations. Given the increase in trade to Asia and the spread of the beauty industry across nations, there is limited study available on how people are depicted internationally in the fashion magazines. Previous research has established that womans magazines can act as agents of publicizing gender stereotypes and beauty ideals like size zero and institutionalizing conventions like photographic poses. (Rudman and Verdi, 1993; Griffin, Viswanath, Schwartz, 1994). Yet little research has been done on the differences in representation of women internationally and locally. POWER OF IMAGES One must establish what people are looking at before one can hope to understand why under the conditions peculiar to them, they see what they see Rudolf Arnhein (Arnhein 1977:4) An image is that stimulus or representation that compels us to cognition, interpretation and personal preference. If we understand that the market is image based than we also begin to understand the importance of vision in understanding management in the information society. Images are where visual communication starts. Jonathan E. Schroeder confirms in his study of media that visual consumption is critically important for understanding contemporary consumers. Today marketing professionals are sensitive towards global customers and realise that they are enthusiastic consumers of images. Brand image, corporate image and self image are significant economic and consumer values and that global market culture is largely the construction of symbolic environments. (S. E. Jonathan, 2002) This is of great importance especially in the 21st century as the importance of marketing management and consumer research in this century may shift from problem solving to problem recognition from productio n of goods to the production of images (S. E. Jonathan, 2002) Through time marketers have learnt that markets are global which should translate into local approach. But when companies globalise they become more production driven wanting to sell more thus having common promotional strategies across cultures, sticking to one single image, hardly realising that there may be global products, but there are no global people. There may be global brands but there are no common global motivators to buy those brands. (M. De Mooij, 2009). Many brands have with the help of technology and communication tried to globalise nations. But technology has not brought a global village in which consumers all behave the same. GLOBAL MEDIA Globalisation is best defined as the crystallization of the entire world as a single place (Robertson, Ronald. 1990. Mapping the Global Condition: Globalization as the Central Concept. Theory, Culture and Society 7) Due to the success of global brands writers have predicted an unavoidable colonization of world culture by internationalised brands that would most definitely lead to demise of local cultures. However there is also evidence that suggests social relationships and values in local culture are resistant to the negative effects of globalization. On one hand globalisation is expected to destroy local cultures and bring about homogeneity while on the other hand it is also the reason for the revival of local cultural identities from various parts of the world. Today the expansion of western cultures values and ideas has reached the far corners of the world, right to Asian countries like India and China which have been dominant till the 21st century. Now that these countries have become important players in the world market, counter expansion of values and culture can also be seen. Over the past few decades there has been a rapid expansion of global brands in the media sector more than ever in the area of womans fashion magazines. Local editions of Elle, Harpers Baazar and Vogue are now being published in Asia. The internationalization of a magazine is not a new phenomenon although until quite recently the most popular womans magazines have been published locally. Harpers Bazaar, a U.S magazine launched itself in U.K. in 1929 (Anna Gough-Yates, 1993), Elle a European magazine began publishing its first edition in Japan in 1960s while Vogue a U.S magazine entered the Indian market in the 21st century. However the establishment of an integrated global media market only began in earnest in the late 1980s and did not reach its full potential until the 1990s. (Herman and Mc Chesney ,1997, p10) The latest NRS (National Readership Survey) figures suggest that the total readership market in U.K. for the months of July and December 2008 has risen by 10% since last year, while the total market for womens lifestyle and fashion magazines has grown by 7 %. (IPC Advertising) A similar trend was observed in USA where magazine subscription reached a ten year high in 2008 and with the total number of magazines published reaching 20,590 the total percentage of subscriptions also increased by 1.4% (MPA Magazine Publishers of America, ABC) Comparatively in Asia according to a PricewaterhouseCoopers the Asia/Pacific magazine market excluding Japan is projected to grow by 7.2% annually, reaching $20.7 billion by 2010, Advertising is also expected to rise by 5% annually to $8.1 billion in 2010. This means theres plenty of potential for countries in South Asia, where advertising spending is just about 0.34% of GDP. Until now foreign brands were allowed only 26% ownership when venturing into Asian countries. But in 2005 most of the Asian countries levelled the field for non news publications allowing 100% foreign direct investment. (D. Ruth, 2007, Forbes) In an age looking towards the internet for all information and goods there is a risk that print media and magazine subscriptions may fall contrary to predictions. A recent research conducted by PPA marketing suggests that the internet does not have any harmful effect on peoples desire to read offline, in fact in some cases reading websites encourages them to read magazines. Out of 1500 adults between the age of 18- 34 surveyed online revealed that peoples expectations and goals from each medium depends on the subject matter and for the subject of beauty and fashion print magazines are an obvious choice. Also the idea of owning a piece of fashion history through the beautifully photographed and styled images in fashion magazines makes print media a lucrative choice. With fashion going cross cultures, print media being the apparent choice of the masses to keep them in trend and the governments giving publication houses the clear there is nothing stopping international fashion magazines going local. Like all the other global media, magazines use many different strategies to cross the borders. The main reasons for crossing borders are saturation of home markets and to generate revenue by providing international consumer brands with advertising vehicles that reach into the expanding foreign markets'(Dr. Katherine Frith, 2006,pg4-5). For example Condà © Nast which has a portfolio of 127 magazines in 23 countries had to close down Mademoiselle in November 2001 due to competition, flagging sales and saturation of magazine houses. Markets with rising economic rates like Asia and Middle East, as a result have become a target for westerns producers of beauty and fashion magazines. FASHION MAGAZINES AND THEIR IMPACT Many women across cultures are influenced by general trends in fashion and follow although at a distance the fashion industry. The relationship between consumers and trends is complex but it is mediated by fashion magazines. The difference between international fashion magazines and their local versions is that the international issues tend to carry a predominance of images for multinational products. (Shaw, 1999). Such magazines are growing in popularity in Asia and this popularity has bought about a change in perspective regarding the depiction of woman and products in local magazines. Griffin, Viswanath, and Schwartz(1994) found in a study comparing images in weekly U.S. news magazines (Time and Life) to weekly Indian magazines (India Today and Illustrated weekly of India), that many of the western advertising principles and poses for women were being conveyed across nations. They confirmed that female models in India were taking on poses that related closely to gender portrayals of the advanced western nations. A recent analysis of magazines international and local in China by Frith, Cheng and Shaw (2004) suggests that Caucasian models are more frequently shown in seductive dresses than Asian models. Feminist critiques like Kates, Shaw and Garlock (1999) would argue that western magazines are cultural institutions that represent women in a problematic and often unacceptable way although attractive female bodies and sexual content have for long been used in the west to draw consumers to a product and generate interest. Comparing this to the representation of woman across cultures with reference to the few studies conducted on the topic; Griffin, Viswanath and Schwartz (1994) concluded that the use of Sexual pursuit as a theme was used three times more often in American magazines than magazines in India. In conservative Asian countries like Malaysia and Indonesia only Caucasian women were used in Lingerie advertisements (Frith and Mueller, 2003). Any magazine wanting to be resonant with its target audience needs to represent the social norms and cultural values of the given society. International magazines like Vogue and Elle although have publishing houses in Asian countries most often train their employees in the west. The result being that the forms of representation and especially that of woman can take on a globalized look. As Kyung-Ja Lee,(2000, pg 86) has rightly said for thirty years, media have been taken to task for reproducing and reinforcing stereotyped images of woman. Yet unfair representation of woman in media still prevails worldwide. Sex stereotyping has been so deeply ingrained, even glorified, that the woman themselves have become desensitised to their own inferior portrayal. The prospects appear even gloomier as the globalisation of media progresses Previous researchers have noted that the images of models used in magazines have been extensively retouched to represent the ideal of beauty that is unattainable for all but a very few people.(Greer,1999). By showing models that are uniformly thin, flawless and perfectly proportioned the media may contribute towards low self esteem and unhappiness among woman and give rise to problems like eating disorders.( Gauntlett, 2002) Media is also considered a large contributor to the global increase in plastic surgery to change physical appearance among young girls (Lee, 2007). With most models used in international magazines being white the publications are rarefying the ethnic beauty ideals. In fact the obsession with whitening products may be a result of this overuse of White models in Asian publications. Finally as global media takes readers away from local publications and changing Asian beauty ideals it is important to study the impact of international beauty ideal on local consumers. The Asian society has predominantly been a conservative society yet with the onset of westernisation this society is changing and adapting itself. But as Marieke de Mooij states, product usage or acceptance does not change overnight, as peoples behaviour is stable . A new idea or concept is only accepted when it is consistent to a change in society and does not imply a fundamental change in culture. Essay 2: THE VOGUE IMPACT This essay will discuss Vogue magazines cover page and its relationship with its brand identity. Can the brand successfully globalised by altering its cover page image, based on cultural and social variants in each of its markets? Would standardisation of the brands cover page images and visual identity help to avoid criticism on its entry into a new market? VOGUE BEGINING Started in 1982 Vogue magazine is predominantly an American cultural phenomenon. It began as a social weekly periodical and nurtured into a professional and confident monthly publication under the leadership of Condà © Nast which took over vogue in 1909. Primarily as a lifestyle magazine catering to both men and woman Vogue has come a long way to be at the pinnacle as the fashion magazine for woman in vogue (David, A., 2006). In an age where French fashion was considered the ultimate Vogue managed to put American Couture on the map. Under the Condà © Nast umbrella the magazine not only managed to become a brand name in its own country but also exported fashion ideas to the world. Today Condà © Nast which has a portfolio of 127 magazines in 23 countries believes Vogue to be its cash cow. At present there are a million fashion and beauty magazines such as In Style, Elle and Cosmopolitan circulated around the globe, but in times of crises citizens all over turn to Vogue to confirm the latest fashion news. With readership and subscription levels of about 220,000 a month for the British Vogues, 133,000 a month for the French Vogue and American Vogue, at 1.2 million a month Vogue is the leading magazine in the business of fashion. (IPC Advertising reports) The once small publication eventually became an international phenomenon with issues being published in more than 12 countries. YEAR OF LAUNCH COUNTRY /EDITION 1916 British Vogue 1918 Spanish Vogue 1920 French Vogue 1924-1926 Argentinean Vogue 1928 German Vogue 1964 Italian Vogue 1975 Brazilian Vogue 1994 Singapore Vogue 1996 Korean Vogue 1996 Taiwanese Vogue 1999 Japanese Vogue 1999 Latin American Vogue 2000 Greek Vogue 2005 Chinese Vogue 2007 Indian Vogue Since its birth the magazine has strived to serve the society by portraying an example of proper etiquette, beauty, composure and fashion. The magazine not only plays a role in setting latest trends but also records the changes in cultural thinking, actions and clothing through its images. Looking at Vogue through the ages it can be clearly seen that it is also a documentation of the changing roles of woman, and the influences of cultural ideas and politics over time. The power the Vogue magazine has over generations of women has inspired many new magazines like Cosmopolitan and Glamour; all interested in its market share. In spite of this great quantity of magazines circulating around the globe, considering circulation figures and media impact no other publication has managed to accomplish the lasting power and success of Vogue. (David, R., 2007) VOGUE IMAGE Self definition has always been crucial to vogue. (David, A., 2006). Throughout its first 30 years vogue editors and illustrators made use of the French meaning of vogue, defined in the first dictionary of the Acadà ©mie Franà §aise (1694) as the impulsion or movement of a galley or other ship by the force of rowing. It was only in the 18th century that vogue and fashion were listed as synonyms (Fà ©raud 1787–8). Since its first issue Vogue magazine has been personified as a youthful young woman. The magazines first cover presented itself in the disguise of a debutante, a young socialite. When Condà © Nast bought the magazine in 1909 he brought it into line with other successful publishing ventures and in just over a decade, circulation went from 14,000 to 150,000 while advertising revenue soared from $76,111 to two million dollars (Robinson 1923: 170). He modernised the magazine not just the content but also the cover. He replaced the black and white drawings of the front cover with commissioned, lavish, stylised and signed illustrations. This change helped to attract attention to the magazine and increase circulations. As an advertising man, he understood the value of having a visual brand or logo and Nast revived the original Vogue trademark, a distinguished little sketch which immediately became known as the Vogue girl (David, A., 2006). This first Vogue girl was just an illustration cla d in a fancy dress with the than fashionable leg-o-mutton sleeves. Her unnatural ivory white skin, snow white wig, tiny waist and voluptuous bosom, was directed at the fantasies of the magazines readers (David, A., 2006).The Vogue girl represented the heritage of those Americans who wished to be different from the New World Americans and was constantly seen as wearing historical costumes and heirlooms. Than too the new world American woman aspired to look like her. All this changed in the 1920s when the Vogue girl was changed to an illustration by Georges Lepape. This new image was more streamlined and represented the woman at the heights of fashion in the 1920s. Vogue had gone from importing fashion to exporting it. As times changed so did the magazine cover from illustrations to photographs, making models like Cindy Crawford and celebrities like Madonna a household name. This change in its image was a response to the internationalisation of the magazine. Today the vogue cover girls are the most glamorous, exotic, unusual and popular persons of the moment. The trend being more towards actresses than models dressed in the heights of fashion, styled by the best stylist and clicked by A-list photographers they are every girls aspiration and every boys fantasy. Like its cover girls the magazines is considered to be glamorous, glossy and trendy. (Alexandra Shulman, Vogue U.K. editor). Despite of having these factors common among them, the vogue covers are dissimilar in many aspects depending upon its country of publication. CULTURE AND CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Anglo –Saxon psychological research states that the concept of self and personality are the basis of Western consumer behaviour. The words identity or personality have no fixed meaning in the Asian culture. A global brand needs to consider the cultural differences to truly succeed in the world field. A number of research experts and cultural studies suggest that a brand should think global, act local. This is based upon the theory that the way people think and perceive any brand or image is guided by the framework of their own culture (Mooij, M, 2009). The observation of Japanese individuality as a sign of westernisation of the country is a misconception of many global brands. For more than a decade international magazines have been accused of standardising a beauty ideal across the globe with disregard to the individual cultural and beauty ideals of the host country. For a short duration the values and attributes of a foreign or global personality might have a strong attraction, but ultimately people return to their own local values and culture. For a Brazilian woman the emphasis is on her bottom, um corpo de violà £o which literally means a guitar shaped body is most desirable. No matter how many international magazines showcase buxom beauties, the Brazilian woman would ultimately want a bigger bottom as the point of attraction is the sweet swing of the hips. The illustration of a desirable Japanese woman in The memoirs of a Gesha suggest, that the Japanese appreciate soft delicate feminine features, small feet and long hair cut in layers. A slim slender graceful body is more desirable than a curvaceous one. In Islamic countries the body is considered a n obstacle in viewing ones true beauty. Any bodily decorations or changes are considered a veil over the inner beauty and the Hijab is another veil to conceal these changes so that the womans only public identity would be her inner self. For the Greek it has been symmetry in structure and features, based on Platos ideas that, beauty is that which irradiates symmetry rather than symmetry itself. The Nuba tribe in Sudan like dark skin and hairlessness. On studying traditional Indian paintings it can be concluded that the Indian ideals of beauty in a woman is voluptuousness, with the belly and hips being of prominence.( Ei, 2008) The image and identity associated with woman of different geographical locations are deep rooted in their respective cultures. The beauty ideals and a womans self image in any culture can be understood by studying its paintings, sculpture and artistic representations. Today the artistic or idealistic representations of women are magazine covers, images and pho to spreads. These covers are also considered a mode of advertisement for the magazine within that culture. As Steve Taylor has rightly put in his book 100 years of magazine covers it is hard to identify another cultural artefact which embodies an advertisement for itself in such a powerful way. Magazine covers can be breathtaking, beautiful, confrontational, resonant, heartbreaking, stimulating, irritating and uplifting. At their best they come together as a kind of spontaneous street level exhibition, publicly displaying the work of some of our best creative talent, featuring what is most admirable and dismissible about the modern world, communicating the people and events that shape our culture. Apart from a mode of advertisement of todays culture a magazine cover plays a dual function of advertising the magazine brand itself. An impressive cover encourages people to flip through the magazine and buy it. (Alexandra Shulman, British Vogue editor). Getting the magazine cover right is not only ethically important but also financially important to the magazine in order to develop brand loyalty and increased circulations. Thus making it important to study magazine covers as a mode of advertisement and part of the marketing mix, for a magazine publication. MAGAZINE COVERS AS BRAND VISUAL IDENTITY It is a common assumption that an advertisement would be effective if the viewer decodes the advertisement successfully, if there is a significant transfer of attributes. (Mooij, M., 2009). Thus while developing one idea for a global brand or one single motivator for different cultures, one should not assume that the responses would be alike too. An idea being interpreted accurately by the consumers would only happen if the senders and receivers share one culture. If they do not share the same cultural values it may result in misunderstandings and demeaning of brand value within that culture. For example consider the inaugural Vogue covers of India and China. The Indian Vogue cover was styled by the magazines British fashion director while the Chinese vogue was styled by French Vogue editor Carine Roitfeld (China economic net and Fashion week daily dispatch). The covers were not rightly decoded by the consumers and received much criticism. Whereas the covers for the preceding months styled by Anaita Shroff Adajania the fashion director for Vogue India was highly appreciated.(Fashion week daily dispatch) The essence of a brand is that it is a name in the memory of consumers. It is a perceptual map of positive and negative associations, a symbolic language, and a network of associations. (Mooij, M.,2009). Vogue with its launch in many Asian countries received much negative associations with its local issues. The local Asian issues of Vogue are considered small ripples in the big pond of Fashion magazines (Armstrong ,L, 2009) and they could never manage to create the impact that American vogue or Italian Vogue have managed to create world over. Vogue India or Vogue China might be sold worldwide but it is not necessary that consumers in all countries consider them global brands. One theory suggests that a global brand is a brand that is strongly associated with its country of origin (Mooij, M., 2009) and for Vogue its been America. This can be considered positive if the country of origin has a stable global identity. With American values becoming ambiguous and Vogue bifurcating into mul tiple countries over time its core identity may be threatened. The idea of incorporating local aesthetics with their global image might dilute the brands global image. STANDARDISATION A multinational companys personality and identity are the biggest factors influencing consumer (Eales, 1990 as cited in Melewar,T.C, Saunders, J., 1998). Unrestricted global trade, a competitive marketplace and the fast technological developments have created a situation where consumers dont just buy the product they also buy the company that produces it. The brands character, its identity, its image and the confidence it inspires in them help in making the choice between two almost similar product offerings in the market. At the centre of any business and its projected image is its corporate visual identity system. The elements of this system are: name, symbol, and/or logo, typography, colour and slogan (Dowling, 1994). These elements help to sell the company to consumers and its stakeholders. Corporate identity programs have risen due to globalisation (Ind, 1992). The changing business tactics, geographical locations, variations in cultures and changing markets have all encouraged companies to change their corporate identity. As companies begin to operate on an international basis, the image that they acquired as national producers often becomes inappropriate (Mills, 1988 as cited in Melewar,T.C, Saunders, J., 1998). Some international companies adopt a unified brand image in spite of government and consumer displeasure. The degree of de-standardisation of any company depends upon the strength of the host countries culture, government policies and target market. (Mooij, M., 2009). The decision to standardise a brand image also depends upon the competitive edge derived in either keeping activities central or decentralizing them. However a brand like Vogue that has a truly global orientation needs to express consistent brand values wherever it chooses to compete. Thus making its worldwide image more recognisable for its homogeneity than not. A major component of a corporate identity is the corporate structure. (Strong, 1987) According to Ind (1992) there exist two corporate identities, one that is the organisational structure and the other that is the visual structure. The Visual structure is concerned with the branding of the product, and how it appears to the consumers. (Gray Smeltzer, 1985 as cited in Melewar, T.C., Saunders, J., 1998). The basic concern with the visual structure is the degree of centralisation and decentralisation. Thus the basic problem faced by Vogue is whether to sell an identical product image to all its consumers or to make modifications as per the local differences. A global brand can be a mass brand satisfying a common product need in all the countries or it can be a brand catering to a common niche in all the countries. Vogue magazine has two options, being a global brand it could standardize the brand and the brand image across the globe so that the Indian woman reading the Indian Vogue would feel equal to the French or American woman reading their respective Vogues. The other option it has is to go local, differentiate between its offerings and treat each market as an individual and not a global product while standardising its visual image, giving the impression of a common brand. Researchers argue that standardisation of a brand helps the company to achieve a uniform image internationally which in turn increases sales.(Buzzell, 1968, Hovells Walters, 1972 as cited in Melewar, T.C., Saunders, J., 1998) . Others were of the opinion that standardisation makes consumers familiar with the product, its services, business diversities and competitive distinction thus helping to establish a uniform corporate image.(Peebles et al ,1977 as cited in Melewar, T.C., Saunders, J., 1998). Cosmopolitan for example is known around the globe to address personal and sex related issues as it does not change its editorials and articles depending on culture. The band logo/ font type, position or style does not differ according to geographical locations. The brand has achieved a sense of standardisation by not having a distinct country name printed on its cover unlike Vogue. The research on global corporate visual identity systems by T.C. Melewar and John Saunders (1998) proved that firms with highly standardised corporate visual identity systems (CVIS) saw themselves reaping more reward from their CVIS than did those with low CVIS standardisation. All custom